Definition of M20 grade of concrete

In construction, there should be individual strength for each building element.

To maintain the strength of concrete for different elements, various types of concrete grades are required. The strength needed for foundation, beam, slab etc. will be different.
IS 456-2000 has specified the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In the following construction video tutorial, brief explanation is given on M20 grade of concrete.

In M20, M denotes Mix and 20 refers to the characteristic strength (fck) of that mix i.e. 20mpa. Cement, sand and aggregates are used for mixing in the ratio of 1 : 1.5 : 3. M20 signifies mixture of cement, sand and aggregate which are prepared in such a manner that a cement concrete cube of size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm is formed with characteristic strength (fck) of 20mpa while examining it after being cured for 28 days.

The characteristic strength (fck) signifies the strength under which not over 5% of test results are predictable to fail.

Cement is always calculated with weight. Commonly it is applied in terms of bags. The weight of one bag of cement is 50 kg and it contains a volume of 35 litres (or, 0.035m3). A gauge box is employed for batching of fine and coarse aggregate by volume.

To get more brief information, watch the following video tutorial.

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Published By
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Application of various types of plumbing pipes in construction

This construction video tutorial shows you different applications of plumbing pipes in construction.

The Plumbing system includes the entire system of pipe fittings and appliances which are utilized for water supply and drainage. In this supply and drainage system various types of pipes are employed for diverse objectives. There are two types of pipes in a plumbing system :-

1. Supply or service pipes
2. Drain pipes or waste disposal pipes

The plumbing pipes are mainly used for water supply purpose, drainage, waste disposal etc.

There are four types of pipes in supply and service pipes categories :-

1. Copper Pipes – When extreme corrosion occurs to metals due to use of ground water, then copper pipes are most suitable. In copper, there is powerful corrosive resistance capacity as compared to other pipe metals as well as substantial strength, rational ductility. The copper pipes are available in long lengths in the market. These pipes can carry high pressure and so; these pipes are also utilized for industrial purposes to undergo heavy flows. There exist two types of copper pipes like HEAVY GAUGE and LIGHT GAUGE pipes. Heavy gauge pipes are effective where pressure is extremely high. Light gauge pipes are recommended when the pressure remains under 0.15N/mm2 i.e. for internal domestic pipes.

2. Galvanized Iron Pipes – G.I pipes or steel pipes are less expensive as compared to copper pipes. But the harmful factor is that these are easily affected with corrosion in soft and acid waters. But these are very robust relating to copper pipes. Therefore, these pipes should be used in areas with less corrosion as well as in hard water areas. Hammering is required to eliminate the layers developed with hard water.

3. Polymer Piper or Plastic Pipes – Polythene pipes or plastic pipes are mostly suitable for cold water services. The plastic pipes provide various advantages which range from less corrosive, more cost effective, light weight, simple installation process, no threading needed, good resistance capacity against bacterial scale.

4. Lead Pipes – Lead pipe contains superior corrosion resistance, flexibility and hydraulic coefficient of flow. But lead content in water may result in poisoning effects which may cause harm to people. Therefore, it is not recommended for application.

To gather information on drain pipes or waste disposal pipes, watch the following construction video tutorial.

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Published By
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TMT Steel Bar – Manufacturing & Construction Basics

TMT steel bar is a steel reinforcement type that comes up with the required strength in tension, bending, shear and compression. TMT steel bar is defined as Thermo Mechanically Treated Steel that offers better ductility and malleability.

Generally, there are four types of reinforcement steels have been used in the construction – mild steel bars, deformed bars, cold twisted bars and TMT bars. Among them, TMT bars are considered to be high-quality steel bars that meet the construction requirements in terms of getting standard toughness and strength.

To understand the TMT steel bar better, you need to know the other three steel types and their application.

Mild steel bar: With a low tensile strength, mild steel bars are easy to produce and are used in allowing and manufacturing of a steel structure fabrication used in the construction work. They have low carbon and silicon level and have come up with less tensile strength than others. Their surface is plain and the round part comes up with diameter from 6 to 50mm. They can be bent easily that allows the workers to cut the rod in pieces without damage.

Deformed bars: Deformed steel bar has come up with normal ductility and has applications in residential, commercial and infrastructure fields. The common size of such steel bar stays in between 9m to 12m. The diameter of this bar varies according to their weight. The surface of the bar has lugs, ribs or deformation that provide better grip to concrete and maintains a strong bond between the two components.

 

Cold Twisted bars: Cold twisted bars are manufactured through a cold twisting process where bars are hardened and twisted when they stay cold. But twisting can cause surface defects on steel bars because of the occurrence torsional stress in the rebar. Torsional stress is generated by an applied torque during the twisting of an object.

TMT Bar – the basics: TMT bar goes through a metallurgical process that uses mechanical or plastic deformation process and a thermal process together. TMT stands for Thermo Mechanical Treated – the way these bars are manufactured. Mechanical deformation process includes compression or rolling, and thermal process covers heat-treatment, water quenching and cooling in a single course.

To produce TMT bars, the hot rolling process comes first that makes heated iron billets pass through the rollers of decreasing diameter. After completing the hot rolling process, the bars are water cooled by a microcontroller having a controlled quenching chamber where temperature gradient travels from the core to surface.

The bar is taken out in the air after the intense cooling process and the core area heats quenched surface layer leading to tempering the external martensite. In this process, the heat flows from the core to the outer surface adding the needed strength to the material. This unique and extensive process makes these bar high standard one with an exceptional tensile strength and ductility. It also leads the bars to achieve an excellent bonding with concrete. They are definitely corrosion resistant.

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Variations among plastering & pointing

This construction video tutorial teaches you how to separate plastering and pointing on various aspects.

1. Plaster is applied to different types brick surfaces (made with first class bricks, second class bricks, third class bricks etc).
   The pointing is done for only 1st class bricks as the edges and edges of 1st class bricks are perfect.
2. In plastering, the materials on which it is applied are disguised.
   But in pointing, the materials are visible as only the joints in bricks are filled up with mortar.
3. After plastering, the surface becomes smooth and even.
   But, after pointing, the surface becomes unsmooth as only joints are covered with pointing and there may be some gapes in joints and bricks.
4. In plastering, large quantities of materials are required as plastering is done to all surfaces of the bricks.
   As pointing is done to the joints of the bricks, so, materials like cement, sand and mortar are required in less quantities.
5. Plaster is done to the both side of the wall (inside and outside).
   Pointing is done to the one side of the wall particularly to the outside of the wall.
6. Plaster safeguards the uncovered surface of the wall from rain, heat, moisture.
   In pointing, the rain, heat, moisture are consumed within the wall.
7. In plastering lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar are used with cement and sand.
   In pointing, cement mortar and sand is applied.
8. Plastering forms a base for employing white/color washing.
   In pointing, white washing or color washing is ruled out.
9. In plastering, defects of masonry can’t be detected.
   In pointing, the masonry work is completely visible.

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Details of Punching Shear in slabs and foundations

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How beam and lintel differs as per structural behavior & load carrying system

This construction video tutorial briefly explains the variations among beam and lintel.

 

Both the beam and lintel are flexural as well as horizontal members and considered as the vital parts of structural system. But these differ according to their structural behavior and load carrying system.

Given below the points of differentiation:-

Beam		Lintel
It usually transmit load from slab to columns/walls.		It provides support to the wall over the openings/door/window.
It’s end point is rested on columns		It’s end point is rested on walls
It does not contain door and windows under it		It contains door and windows under it

 

It belongs to a framing member as well as part of Structural Frame.		It usually does not belong to a framing member and not a part of Structural Frame.
It delivers load from slab/floor/roof.		It delivers load of wall over the openings/door/window.
It may function as a fixed beam or simply supported beam.		It usually performs as a simply supported beam.

 

It is a horizontal member that is arranged parallel to slab.		It is a horizontal member that is arranged across opening.
Its width is identical or in excess of the size of wall underneath.		Its width is similar to the size of wall underneath.
It is generally set at floor height.		It is generally set over the openings.
It is also utilized as decorative architectural element.		It is primarily a structural member.

 To gather more information, watch the following construction video tutorial.

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Brief overview of Moving Buildings

If the structures are shifted from its original position to new site, the process is known as moving buildings.

Moving buildings is based on the following factors:

• Motivations to move buildings
  • Groundwork of structure
  • Moving building method
  • Types of moving buildings
  • Safety measures required for moving of the structure successfully

Motivations to Move Buildings: Due to several reasons, it becomes necessary to shift buildings from its original positions to new locations. As for instance – resist demolishing of historical structures and retain them when their locations are essential for industrial purposes or as a result of increasing in population density, new residential buildings should be developed.

Another reason is that building is not built up as per exact plans and arrangements. Therefore, buildings should have been shifted to make necessary arrangements.

The process for moving building to the new position will be cost-effective as compared to demolish it and then develop new buildings.

In some cases, the residential areas are greatly affected by recurring catastrophic natural events like flooding, so, under this circumstance moving buildings will be the only alternative.

Historical houses are frequently moved and collected to build up a historical village.

Underpinning of Structure: Building underpinning plays an important role in the process of moving buildings and several methods are available through which underpinning of structure is carried out.

The Underpinning methods applied for moving buildings range from underpinning by continuous strip foundation, underpinning with piers or bases, underpinning by piles, pretest methods of underpinning, underpinning by injections, and freezing and thawing underpinning.

Moving Building Process: Generally, underpinning is the most effective method in the process of moving building. But sound knowledge and experience are required to execute such vital operation.

Usually, moving building is accomplished on the basis of sufficient surveying of the structure and calculation of loads properly as well as in-depth investigation and analysis of soils at new site of the building and at tracks on which the building is shifted, and exact jacking along with equalizing measuring strain equipment.

Moving building method comprises of the provision of a system of beams on which the building weight is retained, and these beams are arranged on a roller or wheel carriage that is set on rail track. The rail track is arranged on the ground as per the preferred direction.

To get more details, click on the following link theconstructor.org

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http://www.constructioncost.co
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Cross Section Analysis & Design is a powerful construction program for analysis & design of structural cross section

Cross Section Analysis & Design (most recognized software for structural uses in America, Europe, Asia and Australia) refers to a robust application that can be applied for computing an extensive range of cross section, along with the formation of design for reinforced concrete sections (rebar calculator).

The resultant cross sections are simple or composite and can comprise of one or more geometric entities (rectangles, polygons, circles, arcs etc.). With the multipurpose featured user interface, it is possible to draw the geometry of the cross section easily.
The user will be able to import standard steel sections out of a complete shape library in relation to all significant codes (AISC, Australian-New Zealand, BS, Chinese, European, Indian, Aluminum etc.)

The shape, materials or loads of a section are free from any restriction, because the program can deal with any random cross section under biaxial bending and axial loads (Mx,My,P). The program has the ability to work out all sectional properties, plot Moment – Curvature and Interaction diagrams as well as calculate the location of the neutral axis under specified sets of biaxial loads and outline the equivalent strain diagrams along with the consequential stress contours. Based on the position of the neutral axis plane on the section, these items can also be calculated.

Besides, the program is adhered to the following codes regarding reinforced concrete sections: AASHTO, UBC, AS 3600, IS 456, ACI 318, BS 8110, CSA A233, EC2, NZS 3101, CP 65.

The user will be able to produce a reinforcement design on the basis of the codes given above, outline the equivalent interaction diagrams etc., or examine a specified reinforcement pattern under the given load cases with some simple mouse clicks.

With Analysis Parameters Sets, the stress – strain curves of concrete, reinforcement and other materials are indicated parametrically. Every load case is allotted with an Analysis Parameters Set, so that estimations can be made for various design situations, like Ultimate/Serviceability or custom defined Limit States, with an automatic adjustment of the material properties, safety factors etc. As for example, while going to select the default ULS Parameters Set, the concrete curve should have been rectangular and its tensile strength should not be taken into account. Alternatively, the default SLS Parameters Set, applies a hyperbolic stress-strain curve for concrete considering its tensile strength. Here, the safety factors are automatically settled as 1.0. The user has the ability to directly modify these parameters.

An extensive material library exists along with almost all concrete/reinforcement material specifications. Besides, concrete and reinforcement materials, the user can also state custom linear, bilinear, trilinear parabolic or completely general materials.

The program supports Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.

For more information, click on the following link engissol.com

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Some useful tips to determine the monthly rental value of your structure

From this construction video tutorial, we can gather knowledge on how to make the valuation of monthly rent concerning a building that has been developed on a land.

There are two types of rents like net rent and gross rent. Net rent does not include taxes associated with land or construction. Gross rent normally includes these types of taxes.

As for example, here, the value of plot is taken as 4,00,000 rupees (inclusive of all taxes).
The value of structure is taken as 4,70,000
As per government law, 5% of land value and 6% of construction value can be taken as return in one year.
Based on the above figure, the monthly rent of the building should be determined.

Therefore, the annual rent should be as follow :-
4,00,000 x 5% = 20,000/Rupees

Annual rent of structure = 4,70,000 x 6% = 28,200/Rupees
So, total annual rent will be = 28,200 + 20,000 = 48,200/Rupees
Therefore, monthly annual rent will be = 48,200/12 = 4017/Rupees

Now, if you want to find out the time period when total investment for land and structure will be recovered, apply the following formula :-
4,00,000 + 4,70,000 = 8,70,000/4017 = 216.58 months

To covert the value to year
216.58/12 = 18 years.

To get more information, watch the following video.

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Published By
Arka Roy
http://www.constructioncost.co
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6 helpful tips to avoid common construction delays

Construction area is a risky and high alert area. Any minor injury or accident can happen for a moment of distraction. Sometimes construction works get delayed and as a result the cost and problems create. There are many reasons of this delay; it can be happen for the communication gap, wrong planning, poor management or the unwanted raised blockers. Whatever may be the reason the result is same, the unwanted delay. This article is an overview of the problems and their solutions.

 

Most of the construction projects go out of control and costs back for the inability to finish the work on time. So it is important to be in schedule for maintaining the budget, but the industry is full of uncertainties so it is not possible. There are few tricks that can be used by the managers to avoid the crippling delays. The tricks are described below:

1. Minimize construction delays and blockers: The two types of problems prevent projects from finishing on time are delays and blockers. A construction delay happens generally when the things don’t go with plans; and as the construction is sometimes consecutive, it is often unavoidable. The cause of delay can be the absence of the subcontractor in the case of longer time work or delayed material shipments. Blockers are not like delays as it is a work whose completion is needful before other tasks could be completed. The best thing of avoid delaying is careful planning and the blockers should be identified at first.

2. Improve your management method:Inefficient management is another big reason for any project failure. Project managers are given the responsible to create that kind of project plan which has all the necessary elements and also deliver the completed project by the deadline. Sao the construction manager has several responsibilities and has to coordinate with the labors and materials in the job site for completing the work on time.A manager becomes great only when he can do the work before time with the problems and blockers.

3. Plan, plan, plan:A great project plan can be done when the project manager is always updated with the planning and enable quickly diagnose potential challenges and solve problem instantly before any delay. Many contractors start their projects without clear timeline or prior communication etc. and it is a big mistake. The project should always contain with the details and variables to avoid the delays. A successful plan always has unforeseen circumstances, clear guideline to finish it in right time. The software like eSUB or other software options can maintain the project planning.

4. Assign clear roles and responsibilities:The commercial construction projects have contractors, employees, subcontractors, managers and other peoples. And for any kind of failure, each party is equally responsible. Avoiding critical tasks lead the projects in delay. By establishing roles, responsibilities and focusing on the goal, the unwanted delays can be avoided. To get buy-in from everyone before beginning any project plan is essential. By talking with all the key players in a project, the involvement of the members in the project can be seen.

5. Schedule contractors far in advance:Two co creators of HGTV’s hit TV-show Property Brothers, Drew and Jonathan Scott have launched a venture called Dream Homes that addresses the problem about the timing for settle down a new project. Bridget McMullin of McMullin Design Group also warned that the contractors, designers and architects often delayed their work for the setting of the first meeting. To avoid delays and costs, you need to determine the time and the contractors. To complete all the process from arranging meeting to choosing contactors and making schedules, you need 3 months. So it is always better to be active in doing this entire works.

6. Establish clear communication between parties: The poor communications between two parties can turn the little problems into big delays. In the certain created challenges it becomes crucial to contact directly between the contractors and project management team. So as a contractor you must quickly diagnose asses and communicate with all eth members to make a solution. A guide of timely project completion by Design Blendz shows the benefits of good communications. The active participation of all the employees makes any project successful and completed in time.

Though the construction project management software has made it easier than earlier to deliver the right updates from the site to all the key stakeholders but this should be maintained properly. This practice can bring everyone in the same page and the production of work can be done faster.

For more information please follow the link: blog.capterra.com

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