Various types of bearing capacity failures in foundations

The bearing capacity of soil refers to its ability to support the loads placed on it. The density and shear strength of the soil are the most important factors. The bearing capacity of a load is also affected by how deeply it is embedded: the deeper the embedding, the more powerful the load.

Ultimate Bearing Capacity (Qu)

Directly beneath the foundation, that is the least amount of shear pressure which will cause the supporting soil to collapse.

Define Bearing Capacity Failures

Defining bearing capacity failure as the failure of a foundation caused by more stress than the soil can withstand is a difficult task. General shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure are the three main types. A base failure occurs when the shear strength of the soil exceeds the bearing capacity of the soil. That refers to as a failure of bearing capacity.

Types of Bearing Capacity Failures

General Shear Failure

Strip footings rest on loose sand or soft clay. Shear failure occurs in the soil at that load, and the failure surface extends to the ground surface. General shear failure occurs when this occurs. There is always a heave on the sides in general shear failures.

The edge of the base and the ground surface form a continuous, well-defined, and distinct surface of failure. Dense or rigid soils are more susceptible to this loss. The sheer mass surrounding the foot is constantly bulging. The foot tilts when the failure occurs.

We observe considerable soil compression under the foundation as well as the partial formation of the plastic balance. It does not fail immediately, and the foundation does not tilt.

A minor bulging of the soil at the foundation is found where the weak surface does not meet the surface of the earth. That may be indicative of a surface failure. Significant anomalies indicate failure. With a sharp curve top, failure is abrupt and devastating. It goes beyond the foot’s edge for a long distance. Plastic balance first appears at the toe edge and extends outward.

Local Shear Failure

A strip footing rests on clay with a medium consistency or the sand with a medium density. There are sudden jerks in the foundation movement when the load reaches a certain value Qu (1). To extend to the ground surface, a substantial movement of the foundation is necessary for the failure surfaces.

That occurs under a load of Qu. As the law increases, settlement increases significantly. Local shear failures are the cause of these types of failures. Heaving occurs only when a substantially vertical component exists.

Punching Shear Failure

A failure surface does not extend above the ground. When a load of Qu (1) is applied, there is jerking in the foundation. When the load reaches Qu, the footing fails, thereby increasing the slope and making the load-settlement curve more linear. It occurs when only vertical movement observes.

This curve exhibits a constant rise with no settlement. It should be possible to install a cylindrical control surface at a certain distance from an area with a burden or column.

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Everything about the Design Period

An ideal design period would be defined as the time period in the near future during which supply will exceed the demand in order to achieve a surplus.

A Design Period is the period commencing with the Commencement Date of Design and Construction Works, up until and including the date and time that the Design is completed at the end of the Design Period.

In other words, it can be said in a simple way that the number of years that will pass before a given facility is attainable to satisfy the demand in the near future. This surplus allows for more efficient use of resources and better overall performance of the facility in the long run.

Significance of Design Period

The civil engineers provide Design Periods for a number of reasons, the most important of which are as follows:

1. Designing a structure can be extremely time consuming or infeasible when used frequently.
2. There are benefits to being able to manufacture one big unit rather than constructing a variety of small components during the Design Period.

Factors influencing the Design Period

Various factors that influence the Design Period of a structure are listed below, along with some of the factors that act on the Design Period of a structure, as follows:

Structure’s life cycle

Generally, the lifetime of a structure refers to how long it will continue to serve the intended purpose after the design period has ended.

An objective definition of the life cycle of a structure can be described as the number of years in the near future that the structure will be physically & practically suitable for the purpose for which it has been designed.

Factors affecting the amenities in the structure such as:-

1. Pumping machines.
2. Various piping outlines used in the structure.

Possibilities of future augmentations in the structure

When it is possible to extend the project easily, it is kept low in the case of those projects. This helps to keep the upfront costs low and allows for more flexibility in the future. It also allows for the project to be adjusted over time to better meet the changing needs of the community.

Projects that are difficult to extend are given a longer design period, and dams and reservoirs, for example, are found to be difficult to extend.

Expansions at future dates will be characterized by adroitness and difficulty, and for instance, vigorous expansions will require selecting a higher design period value.

Factors related to populations intensities

It is advisable to use dwarf design periods for regions where the growth rate is lofty, due to the rapid growth rate. An estimation of the rate at which the population will grow, along with any shifts in communities, industries, and commercial beginnings, that may occur.

An example of a better period for the design period would be if the speed of population growth is comparatively slow.

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How Concrete Structures Use Isolation Joints?

Concrete slabs isolated from walls, columns, or drain pipes. In isolation joints, structural components are allowed to move independently of one another.

A process vessel can be electrically isolated from the fluids it contains or processes with an isolation joint made of concrete or metal.

Define Concrete Joints

Basically, joints in concrete are cracks intentionally created, which appear as interruptions in surfaces. They usually are manufactured using dry cut or sawed early entry techniques and conventional wet cut techniques.

Define Isolation Joints

Isolation joint is capable of rotation and translation in all directions. As a type of separation, an isolation joint in concrete structures allows relative movement in three directions between separate structural members.

It’s a joint between adjacent sections of a concrete structure that allows movement in three directions. All reinforced concrete is interrupted through the Isolation joint.

Construction Process of Isolation Joints

Prior to pouring the slab, preformed joint material is placed next to the column, wall, or standpipe to form isolation joints. The most common material for isolation joints is asphalt impregnated fiberboard, but plastic, cork, rubber, and neoprene can also be used.

Isolation Joints Features

• An isolation joint separates one structural unit completely from another. A preformed joint material fills the full depth of a slab’s isolation joint between concrete structures, such as a slab and a wall.
• Columns or walls nearby cannot be damaged as a result of this gap between the slab and the wall.
• There is an isolation joint separating the slab from the column footing. The slab around the column remains undisturbed or will not crack if the column settles. Temperature changes also allow the slab to expand or contract.
• Rubber, neoprene, foam insulation, or asphalt-impregnated material can be used for isolation joints.
• It is necessary to design and place isolation joints in the desired location prior to pouring the concrete slab. The reinforcing steel should stop at the joint and not continue through the joint.
• There is a full depth of isolation joint filler in the concrete, which must allow for expansion and contraction as well as horizontal and vertical movement.
• There is a range of half to one inch in width for isolation joints. It may be possible to experience excessive movement when the width is greater.
• Filler material should not extend from the sub base all the way to the top of the slab to form a seamless isolation joint.
• An elastomeric sealant is applied to the space between the joint filler and the cutoff top to achieve a cleaner appearance.
• By allowing horizontal and vertical movement of the isolation joints, high performance is achieved.
• Due to the movements of nearby elements, slabs without isolation joints can crack. In every slab crack, there is a weak point that could cause structural or maintenance problems.

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Difference Between Wall Tiles And Floor Tiles

In residential and commercial buildings tiles are used in indoor and outdoor areas. The installation of tiles also boosts the maintenance period of surface area. There are many types of tiles available in the market.

Nowadays tiles are a very important part of home decoration. Tiles are thin decor elements which are used to cover building surfaces like walls, floors, roof.

Types of tiles may depend on the types of the surfaces.

Differences

1. Wall tiles are used in walls and floor tiles are used in floors. Wall tiles are glazed tiles and are used for decoration purposes.
2. Floor tiles should have a minimum level of friction to walk on safely. This minimum level of friction is called the Coefficient of friction or COF. on the other hand wall tiles should be made as slick as glass.
3. PEI rating stands for porcelain enamel institute. This rating defines hardness and flexibility.
4. COF of floor tiles is 0.50 or greater than that and COF of wall tiles can be any rating. PEI rating of floor tiles is 3 to 5 and PEI rating of wall tiles can be any rating.
5. Ceramic and porcelain based wall tiles are good resistant against water. On the other hand wall tiles are thinner than floor tiles. Wall tiles are also less resistant against water.
6. The glazed which is used in tiles are also different for wall and floor tiles.
7. Tiles can be made of clay and different types of glaze.
8. Floor tiles can be used in walls but wall tiles can not be installed on the floor.

Durability and maintenance of wall tiles

Thickness of wall tiles is thinner than floor tiles. Wall tiles should not be used in floors for less thickness. If wall tiles are used in floor tiles then it can be cracked due to foot pressure. This type of wall tiles are very flexible and very easy to maintain.

This type of floor tiles generally stronger than wall tiles and it is suitable for either floor or wall installation.

• Class 0 is not suitable for foot pressure so it can be installed on walls only.
• Class i is suitable for very light pressure because this can be scratched very easily.
• Class ii is suitable for wall tiles.
• Class iii are suitable to moderate the traffic.
• Class iv is suitable for both commercial and residential buildings.
• This type is very suitable for heavy traffic like shopping centers, commercial areas, hotel lobbies and industrial workplaces.

Installation cost of tiles

At first the cost of tiles installation can be measured by the quantity of tiles required for specific rooms. Now wall and floor tiles can be installed with the readymade tiles.

If the users use cement and sand mortar means if they follow the traditional process then they have to find the tiles installation cost as per the standard specifications.

If users use less amount of mortar in the tile installation process then the installation cost is also reduced. The life span of wall tiles is bigger than floor tiles. The life span of wall tiles is minimum 75 years.

Durability

Floor tiles are more flexible than the wall tiles. Floor tiles can take more pressure than wall tiles. Wall tiles require lower maintenance cost and it can be easily cleaned with water and soap. Floor tiles require a greater level of maintenance. It also requires special detergents.

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Characteristic of a site plan for construction

Site Plan: In a site plan, the location of the work according to the surroundings is provided. Site plans are developed with line diagrams to a scale of 1cm = 5 m to 1 cm = 10 m which demonstrate the orientation of the building, boundaries of land, position of roads, drains, sewer lines, water pipelines, adjacent plots of lands with their ownership.

The north direction is also demonstrated on one of the corners of the site plan to provide the geographical orientation of the building.

A site plan stands for a large scale drawing that presents the entire extent of the site for an accessible or projected development. Site plans, together with location plans are required for planning applications. In several occasions, site plans are prepared on the basis of a series of desk studies and site investigations.

Site layout plan (also known as a block plan) demonstrates a detailed layout of the entire site and the correlation of the projected works with the boundary of the property, adjacent roads and buildings. Site layout plans should present a scale bar or a measured dimension.

The followings are contained in a plan :

Title of the Drawing with the property number of the site, name of the block, street or road in which the site is located, reference number of approval with the use of building.

Characteristics of a site plan:

1. The boundaries of the site and any contiguous land relevant to the owner.
2. North direction relative to the plan of the building.
3. The name and description of the adjoining roads, street or lanes,if any with the width thereof;
4. The road boundaries.
5. The location of adjoining plots whether vacant or constructed
6. The area being captured by the projected building and the set backs.

7. The nature of the ground/soil
8. Any physical features like wells, drains, transmission lines etc
9. Natural features like trees, valleys etc.
10. Block levels in cases where basement/cellar floor are projected underneath the ground level.

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Using Plastics for Sustainable Construction

The significance of manageability and the use of sustainable materials in construction are increasing a fast movement in construction industry. As indicated by UNEP report, Buildings are utilizing practically 40% of the worldwide assets and furthermore liable for 33% of greenhouse gas discharges.

In this way, utilizing interchange assets like plastics in great applications not just give the answer for removal of these materials yet additionally spare assets being exhausted. Today, let us see how can we use plastics in sustainable construction.

Thermal and Acoustic Insulation by Plastics

Plastics can be utilized in Construction for different purposes like water-sealing, completing, heat sealing according to their properties. Building protection is commonly done utilizing materials acquired from normal sources (glass and rock fleeces) or from petrochemicals (mostly polystyrene).

Utilization of these materials causes antagonistic consequences for nature as a result of their high vitality devouring creation stage and removal stage. In this way, utilizing reused plastics in the spot of customary materials for warm protection and acoustic protection will decrease the carbon impression of the structure complex.

Using Plastics to make blocks

Plastics like PET can be utilized as block supplanting customary bricks and blocks. This can be accomplished by filling PET jug totally with sand and compacting it to use as a block.

Road Construction by Plastic

Plastics can be utilized in Road Construction. It builds the solidness of the streets.

Best properties of plastic in construction

Warm protection properties like thickness, warm conductivity, and explicit warmth are huge. For acoustic protection, sound retention and sound protection properties assume an essential job.

Valuable plastic types:

Reused Glass foam

Utilizing frothing cycle, Glass squanders can be changed over into valuable glass froth which can be utilized for Insulation. A few items made of reused glass are presently popularized: the warm conductivity is somewhere in the range of 0.038 and 0.050 W/mK and the thickness somewhere in the range of 100 and 165 kg/m3.

PET

PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) is broadly utilized plastic which is utilized on making plastic jugs and bundling. Removal of this plastic can be made simple by changing over this plastic into usable protecting material.

This can be accomplished by mixing 75% PET with 25% virgin thermobonding PET. The protection boards comprised of this mix has properties: Low Thermal conductivity 0.0355 W/mK and thickness 30 kg/m3.

Properties of PET

As of late, an examination uncovered that the expansion of waste sheep fleece to PET fiber diminishes warm conductivity from 0.035 to 0.032 W/mK and it expands sound engrossing coefficient from 0.61 to 0.75 (normal incentive somewhere in the range of 50 and 5700 Hz).

In an examination led on PET containers loaded up with fly debris with a jute geotextile wrapped inside, the compressive quality outcomes are a lot higher. The examples can oppose compressive heap of up to 4000 KPa to 5000 KPa.

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Worksite communication tips for multigenerational teams as a manager

It requires more than just trade knowledge for a construction project to succeed. Communication is essential in the team effort that is construction. Project managers need to be able to communicate well with the team so that everyone is aware of their responsibilities and goals. This is especially crucial now that workers from different generations are entering the workforce.

Our world is becoming more diverse, and construction managers must continuously improve their communication skills to remain competitive.

Why is Communaction an important factor?

Forepersons and managers need to improve their communication skills in this new intergenerational society for a variety of reasons. To begin with, construction sites are still dangerous no matter who is working there.

Everyone on the team has to be able to actively communicate with one another when working around machinery, heights, and heavy objects to prevent accidents. Every morning before work starts, there should be a safety meeting when the manager makes sure everyone has their safety gear and responds to any questions about safety.

Make Communication an important Aspect

Communication can be easier if you present the information via different channels, as everyone may prefer a different style. The approach may include sending emails that are paired with conference calls, video chats, or texts sent to all employees’ phones.

To prevent your message from becoming lost in translation when seen on smartphones, make sure it is clear and mobile-friendly.

Utilizing a field management tool that all personnel can access is a smart option as well in order to examine the relevant project specifics, such as safety information. You can make sure that your message is appropriately distributed by having one core point.

Clarity and conciseness are the keys to avoiding confusion

It is imperative that you communicate well when you are in the construction industry so that your message is understood the first time it is sent. Use plain language when communicating with someone who does not understand jargon. To the point and focused is what you should convey in your message. You should keep it as short and simple as possible.

Avoid confusion by focusing on only one project at a time if you are working with the same owner or architect on multiple projects. In order to achieve maximum detail, you must use as few words as possible.

Communicating concisely and comprehensively in construction takes practice. Before sending any written message, check to make sure you have not altered the meaning or left out any important details.

Mutual respect should be encouraged

A construction manager or leader must ensure that all employees respect each other. There may still be problems on the job site even if all workers understand your messages, including accidents or hurt feelings, if they don’t treat each other properly. Nobody on your site should be tolerated insulting them on the job if they are hurt or unmotivated, no matter their age.

The problem can extend beyond just blatant name-calling. Microaggressions at work can occur through verbal comments or even behavior that is unintentional.

The management needs to encourage teamwork and have workers of all ages work together toward a common goal to prevent insults and issues. A job that requires the efforts of employees from three generations might be intentionally placed with employees from three different generations.

As soon as they achieve their goals, they might start showing respect to each other since they realize everyone is working hard and doing their best to accomplish the task. It is sometimes all it takes to facilitate communication when people from different generations are in the same place at the same time.

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Check out this quick guide on Collapsible Doors

Collapsible doors are shaped by their materials and construction methods as well as their structure and construction.

Collapsible doors can be opened and closed with the push or pull of a small handle enclosing a channel. It is preferable to use a collapsible door when the door size is enormous and it can be accommodated in limited space.

Define Collapsible Doors

It can be defined as a framework in the form of wood, steel, aluminum, glass, or a combination of these materials fixed in an opening left in a wall in order to allow access to the structure’s functions.

When the space is large and the opening area is not larger, collapsible doors have an advantage over two leafed hinged shutters.

Collapsible Doors Construction Process

There is a vertical void between the channels of 12 to 20 millimeters in a collapsible door built with rolled steel channels 16 to 20 millimeters wide, hooked together with holes in their innards. With a small force, the rollers can be pushed sideways and pulled upwards by pulling on the top or bottom.

It utilizes 16 to 20 millimeters wide and 5 millimeters thick hoop iron cross pieces or flats to connect the vertical channels, which allow the door to be opened or closed.

There is no limit to the width of these collapsible doors, even though their height is limited to three meters. Double shutters are available as well as single shutters. The purpose of such doors is usually to add an extra layer of safety. Doors typically found at front entrances, bank locker rooms, as well as school and college access doors are usually fitted with these locks.

Collapsible Doors Types

In general, the collapsible door is categorized as follows: Under lintel door, Outside door, inside door and Door on adjustable channels with swing. There are two types of collapsible doors: those with a fixed location and those without.

It is constructed of mild steel, which is virtually unbreakable without causing noise, ensuring high level security while providing ventilation and vision. There is still a possibility of communication even after the doors are folded or closed.

The main door is used for the opening of residential buildings, shops, basements, etc., as it can provide a point of entry. It is likely the best type of door for preventing burglars, thieves, and vandals from entering.

Merits of Collapsible Doors

These doors provide a wide opening and are comfortable to operate. The gatecrasher is unable to easily pass through it due to its comfortable handling and positive visual obstruction.

The custom made doors can be opened on only one side, which makes entering the home easier. This is a cost effective solution that can be unlocked to suit your needs.

In comparison to different solid doors, they are very lightweight. As it can be locked or chained, it can be easily managed. Intruders, burglars, and vandals will be less likely to be able to get through this door.

Demerits of Collapsible Doors

Stumbling on the floor is possible due to the guide channels on either side. Collapsible door does not provide privacy within the room.

Additional lubrication is required, so it requires some maintenance. It is difficult to use this door because the guide channel has a large amount of dust in it.

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How to heighten your Windows from the ground

The architect can achieve a successful built environment by measuring the window correctly and taking into account all the necessary elements.

There is an approximate height difference between the ceiling and the floor when it comes to windows. For proper installation, you will need a header above the window. Furniture will not interfere much with the view as a result of leaving space underneath the window.

Define Window Header

In order to support the weight of your roof, your walls need to be strengthened with a header mounted above your windows. A header would prevent the walls from deteriorating if windows and doors weren’t added. Keeping your home in good condition is ensured by the header, which compensates for the wall openings.

Windows Installation as per Height

When installing windows, it is essential that they are installed at the correct height relative to the floor. It is crucial to adhere to a standard window height in order to preserve aesthetics, functionality, and energy efficiency.

1. Windows should typically be 40 to 48 inches in height from the ground. Keeping maintenance and safety concerns in mind, this range allows the window to provide the right amount of light and ventilation while also providing optimal ventilation and light.

2. Consider how high the windows are about furniture, walls, and other fixtures when designing a room.

3. You can determine whether to get a low or high-end writing desk by the height of the window sill from its top.

4. Window heights are usually 40 to 48 inches, though the exact number may vary based on the building’s architectural style. Traditional homes may benefit from lower heights, while contemporary homes may benefit from higher heights.

5. Window height should be determined not only by aesthetics and function, but also by energy efficiency. It is possible to maximize natural lighting, reduce energy costs, and easily heat and cool a home by placing windows properly.

6. Depending on your design, you can choose the ideal height for your windows. Keeping in mind that the window height should be and adhere to the standard range of 40 to 48 inches, it is important to tailor the height to the needs of the building.

7. A building architect can design both functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces by determining the standard height of windows from the floor. In order to create an environment that is comfortable and inviting, architects can use window placement to maximize natural light and ventilation.

General Mistakes while Measuring Windows

For the best results in the built environment, it is important to measure the Standard Height of the Window from the Floor correctly. Buildings can be rendered unattractive and un-functional due to misapplied windows, which can alter their aesthetics and functionality.

Remember Other Key Factors

It is very important to take skirting boards into consideration when determining the Standard Height of the Window from the Floor. The height of windows can be affected by changes in floor level, such as thresholds and heel boards.

Do not Measure from the Wall Base

Architects often overlook the sill’s height when taking measurements from the base. During Standard Window Height measurement from the Floor, make sure to measure from the top of the window sill, since this is the actual window lower edge.

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Studying standard beam reinforcement drawings

In this exclusive civil engineering video tutorial, you will learn how to read different types of standard reinforcement drawings for beam.

Reinforcement detailing in beams

1. Beam bears transverse exterior loads that produce bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion
2. Concrete has good strength in compression and poor strength against tension.
3. Steel reinforcement resist tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.
4. Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) are normally used.
5. HYSD bars contains ribs on the surface and it raises the bond strength minimum 40%.

Given below, some vital notes for studying beam reinforcement drawing :-

Properly, study the general notes sheet of structural drawing. The data given below, should be acquired from general notes about beam reinforcement.

• Lap length
• Bend length
• Clear cover

Lap length

Beam mainly contains two types of longitudinal reinforcing bars like top longitudinal bar and bottom longitudinal bar.

When the length of a longitudinal bar surpasses the full length of reinforcing bar then another reinforcing bar is arranged by overlaying with existing one. The length of overlapping is known as lap length. The lap length for several diameter bar is demonstrated in the general notes sheet of structural drawing.

The lap length varied for top and bottom longitudinal bar of beam.

Obtain lap length details for several diameter of top and bottom longitudinal bar of the beam.

Bend Length

It is known that all longitudinal bars of beam are bent at the end of the bar. The length of bend is decided by the suggestions of structural engineer in the general note sheet of structural drawing.

Verify if any instruction exists in the general note sheet about the bend length.

If there is no instruction, a general formula can be applied for 90° bend with adherence to ACI code i.e 12db. Here “db” means the diameter of bar.

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