Brief about Plot Area, Built-Up Area, and Carpet Area

When someone wants to buy a home, he faces some technical words like plot area, built-up area, carpet area. Every word has its own meaning. Buyers should know the terms before purchasing a house for them.

The common areas of the house are:

1. Plot Area
2. Built-up area or Plinth area
3. Super built-up area
4. Carpet area
5. Floor area
6. Setback area

Plot Area

The plot area is also known as the site area. The area which is under the ownership of the seller is called the plot area. Fencing is completed to specify the boundaries.

Calculate the plot area
Area =s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
s=a+b+c/2

At first, you have to divide the plot into a number of triangles.

Then you have to measure the distances of the sides of the triangles by calculating chains, or a tape. After that let the distance of the three sides be denoted by a, b, and c. after that area of each triangle can be calculated by the formula:

Area of triangle=s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
s= semi perimeter = a+b+c/2

Next, you have to take a summation of the areas of all the triangles calculated in the above step, and you will get the plot area.

Plot area = A1 + A2 + A3 +. . .+ An

Built-up Area

The total area of the flat that includes the carpet area and the thickness of the wall is called the built-up area. This built-up area includes all the areas where you can move and the area of walls and utility areas. Generally, the built-up area is 10 to 15% more than the carpet area.

Living room and drawing room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, staircase, terrace, balcony, veranda, utility area, and wall thickness. If the house has a common area then the wall area is included in the built-up area.

Super built-up Area

Common areas like a corridor, lift space, swimming pool, park, gym, playground, clubhouse are included in the built-up area to get the super built-up area. The builder or seller fixes the price based on the super built-up area of the building or house. Because this area includes the area of all the amenities which is facilitated to you.

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The role of technology in winning construction bids

Getting an edge in the construction business is crucial to winning big jobs, as it is highly competitive. Bidding is not the only factor to consider. A wrong bid or a mistake in your bid could result in substantial losses for your company.

A construction professional with any experience knows what it takes to win a construction bid and how the bidding process works. Being licensed, having a bond, and having good financials do not guarantee you will win the bid. To minimize liability risks, you should have a reliable method in place for assessing potential projects, calculating bids, and calculating your costs.

Bidding and contracting processes for general contractors can be simplified through construction technology. Contractors are now able to gain a competitive edge over their competitors by using it to perform their work.

Enhancing your construction business with smart technology adds value throughout the entire project life cycle. Technology can assist you in evaluating projects, analyzing costs, and submitting bids that are likely to win while also protecting your profit margins. Through the use of technology, the entire process can be simplified and made easier for everyone.

Construction Technology’s 4 Key Benefits

Here are four ways construction technology can benefit your bottom line and enable you to submit winning bids on the right projects.

Limit your bids on the incorrect jobs

Being a general contractor can mean encountering a wide range of potential projects, but not every job is created equal. Before submitting a bid on a potential project, you should carefully evaluate it. Your contractor bond may be liable for claims if your company wins a job that your company cannot handle.

If you want to be profitable, you need to carefully examine your available labor and calculate the numbers before you submit a bid. It is also important to determine whether you can avoid or reduce the risks associated with a project or whether you can accept them.

Be sure to confirm the requirements of the project and decide the scope you have to in winning the bid. Thoroughly decide if you and your company have the capability to complete the project before the bidding phase. If you have doubt in your mind then you should not submit your bid.

A contractor may bid on more jobs than he or she can handle in some cases. Having too many contracts may prevent you from fulfilling them all. On the other hand, you must bid on enough projects to keep your business afloat.

By evaluating potential projects through construction technology, you can better understand the risks and determine whether to pursue them. By doing this, you can strike the right balance between bidding on jobs and avoiding the wrong ones.

Document the Facilities Team’s work

Once a project has been delivered, construction software allows you to provide the facilities team with a complete record of the work you performed. The owner can benefit from this by adding value and making the transition from the completed project to its intended use much easier.

Your sales prospects will be able to see everything you did, and they will be able to use the searchable record and location to convert them. When the built condition of a project differs from the architectural plans, a visual record helps clarify the issue.

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Global Associates
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Value Engineering in HVAC Systems

1. Introduction

The Heating, Ventilating and Airconditioning (HVAC) system of a typical building office accounts for approximately more than 40% of the building’s total energy consumption (Alptekin, 2019). Hence, highly efficient and low operating cost HVAC equipment are highly sought in residential and commercial infrastructures. Different HVAC manufacturers were relentlessly seeking a new technology that would offer the best comfort cooling and highly efficient low operating cost equipment. This is usually done through in-depth research and development in the field of HVAC. However, another way of achieving this is through conducting value engineering (VE) during the design stage of the HVAC system. A VE should be conducted before committing funds approval of systems, services, or design (Atabay & Galipogullari, 2013).

2. Methodology

This section provided the steps and procedures on how the VE would be conducted on designing an HVAC system. Under this are the sub-sections of the VE Job Plan from the information phase up to the development phase.

2.1 VE Job Plan

To identify the functions and the essence of the project, the authors would use the VE job plan. The Job Plan is a systematic approach on how the VE would proceed up to its implementation. According to Roseke, (2020) there are six (6) phases of the VE methodology. These are the

1. Information,
2. Function Analysis
3. Creative
4. Evaluation
5. Development
6. Presentation.

2.1.1 Information Phase

For this study, the client would like to cool the space of the said project that would maximize the cooling and minimize the overall cost. To give a further understanding of how it would comply with the client’s requirements. The following information was presented from Table-1 up to Table-3A in the appendix. These are the project information with the required thermodynamic properties, type of HVAC system used, equipment used in the HVAC system, and its associated properties and costs. For the summary of the project information.

2.1.2 Functional Analysis Phase

The Functional Analysis Phase covered the needed function of the project. In this phase, an HVAC system’s different types of functions would be determined, elaborated, and classified.

2.1.3 Creative Phase

After the Functional Analysis Phase, the Creative Phase would proceed. This phase would cover the generation of alternative ways of meeting the requirements and other options that would perform the desired function. Currently, there are different types of equipment used in the HVAC system.

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Know about the Top down methods in Construction

Buildings with subterranean structures are typically built using the bottom-up approach, in which sub-structure and super-structure layers are built one after the other, beginning at the building’s base and proceeding upward.

It is unsuitable for projects with limited construction time or space. The top-down building technique is the solution to these problems.

The top-down approach is effective in situations where soil movements need to be kept to a minimum, and tieback installation cannot be carried out. This approach is often used in situations where the ground is unstable or there is a risk of landslides.

Top Down construction method

A top-down construction method is the opposite of the bottom-up construction method, which entails digging extensive excavations from the top to the base of a basement in order to build permanent structures.

An inside permanent framework is used in this case in order to support a top-down cast retaining wall, which is supported temporarily.

As the excavation proceeds, the higher-level slabs are built first because they will serve as horizontal supports for the walls as excavation proceeds, so they must be constructed before the lower-level slabs.

It is becoming increasingly common in the building sector to use top-down construction as an innovative method of earth retention that has been gaining popularity over the past few years.

How does it work?

Towering buildings with considerable foundations and underground projects such as subway stations, parking lots, and underpasses are the two primary forms of urban structures where the top-down approach is applied.

The initial phase in construction is to create a retaining wall; subsequently, load-bearing components that will support the future superstructure are placed.

Before excavation, basement columns, generally steel beams, are built and erected on the load-bearing components. Concrete piles or diaphragm wall panels are commonly used as load-bearing elements.

Steps of Top-down construction

Top-down construction follows the following procedure:

1. Construct the integrated retaining walls.
2. Build the piles and the surrounding walls, and position the steel stanchions where the piles are being built.
3. The floor slab of the first basement level is built with an entrance to allow equipment to be lowered to the level below and excavation debris to be removed—the commencement of the excavation’s first phase.
4. The existing rate of construction of superstructures must be maintained.
5. After completing the second basement-level floor slab, proceed to the second excavation stage.
6. Repeat the method until the desired depth is reached.
7. Finish the basement by installing the foundation slab, ground beams, and so on.
8. Furthermore, the building of the superstructure can be done in line with the specified floor and heights.

Benefits of Top-down construction

Here are a few benefits of top-down construction:

1. To expedite development, the superstructure might be erected alongside the subsurface structures.
2. A permanent slab replaces the temporary support.
3. Construction may be completed quickly and economically since the roof can be cast on a prepared grade without the use of bottom forms.
4. Operating with little to no vibration lowers ground movement, which leads to settlements.

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Sandbags in Cofferdams: An Overview

Cofferdams are short term arrangements to support the building activity behind logical waterless situations. Sandbags are simply bags filled with sand and bricks. In these sandbags, a cofferdam will be formed, which will be known as a sandbag cofferdam. It is in this process that void bags are equalized according to requirements.

A mixture of bricks and sand will then be used to cover the area. Despite the presence of dissolute water, a sandbag cofferdam is able to resist it. Since sandbags also have parallel faces, the slope of the coffer dam is very steep.

Sandbag Cofferdam

It is a short term design that supports the building activity behind the apparent waterless situation. This is nothing more than a bag covered in sand and bricks. A sandbag cofferdam will be created using these sandbags.

The void bags will be equalized as needed in this process. A blend of bricks and sand is then used to cover the part of the structure. As sandbags also manage a parallel face, the slope of the coffer dam is extremely sharp. The water will not dissolve the sandbag cofferdam due to its strong resistance to dissolution.

Dewatering Problem in Sandbag

• The process of making sandbags requires a great deal of time.
• More labor was required for sandbagging.
• Inclines will be difficult with sandbags.
• More dirt can be removed with sandbags.
• The longer the sandbags last, the worse they are.
• In the event of flooding, sandbags will be the sloppy solution.

Importance of Sandbag in Single Wall Cofferdam

The inside and outside faces of the sheets are stacked with half-filled sand bags to increase the dam’s stability. Water is pumped out of the enclosed area after the dam is constructed so that construction can begin.

Flood water damage can be prevented or reduced with sandbags, a simple, but effective method. By filling and placing sandbags properly, moving water can be diverted around, not through, buildings.

Sandbags are filled with floodwaters filled with fine particles like silt and clay. In essence, these particles are caught in the sand. Sand is actually made more effective as a barrier by clay and silt filling in gaps.

Alternative of Cofferdam

In spill containment and water prevention applications, Hydra-Barrier is an effective alternative to sandbags. It comes in a variety of sizes, is durable, reusable, can be filled when needed, and can be emptied once it’s uses. The easiest way to store Hydra-Barrier is the way you store sandbags.

Merits of Sandbag

• It benefits dynamic pile function in this way.
• The base of each row and float must be found.
• The platform and base of the piers should be installed, as well as the bolts to hold the platform down.
• Separate a lake or ocean from a place by surrounding it.
• An operation platform for water is provided by a construction foundation.
• Provide a safe environment for conducting base activities.

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Types of Wood Joints used in a field of Construction

Creating complex objects from wood requires the joining of wood pieces.

Wood joints can be created using a variety of other techniques, depending on the type of joint. It is sometimes necessary to carve a channel into two pieces of wood for a joint to stay together, while in other cases, fasteners such as nails or screws work.

Woodworkers are able to choose from many different types of woodworking joints when making furniture, flooring, and other items made of wood. The woodworker is thus provided with a variety of creative options.

Varieties of Wood Joints

There are a few types of wood joints that are used for different construction purposes. Some of the different types of wood joints are described below:

Miter Joints

Miter cuts refer to two 45-degree cuts on two pieces of wood that meet to make a 90-degree angle.

Door frames, window frames, and picture frames often have miter joints at their visible outer corners. Due to their larger surface area, they are stronger than butt joints, but they still require glue and mechanical fasteners to remain secure.

It has the advantage of being solid and seamless without showing end grains at the corner.

Groove and Tongue Joints

Among the most popular woodworking joints is the tongue and groove joint, which can be found in flooring, parquet, paneling, and other wood products.

One piece of wood has a groove or channel, while the other has a tongue or ridge. Joints are made strong by sliding the tongue into the groove. In wood flooring and similar components, these joints are typically seen on flat surfaces.

Dado Joint

Dado joinery looks similar to tongue-and-groove wood joints. Dadoes are cut across the grain of the wood, whereas grooves are cut along it, usually along the length of the board.

As well, the edges are not carved with tongues but rather with wider grooves that fit the thickness of the other piece. Shelves and bookshelves are the most common uses of Dado’s joints.

Butt Joint

In terms of wood joints, butt joints are the most basic. Timber boards have a “butt” at the end thus it is called butt joints By joining two squared-off pieces of wood at a right angle, it is the simplest and weakest joint in woodworking.

At the butt joint, mechanical fasteners such as nails, screws, glue, or dowels are used instead of nails, screws, glue, or dowels.

You may see butt joints around baseboards and window trims in construction projects, and these joints are a great option when it comes to speeding up the construction process at the expense of the appearance.

Finger Joints

A finger joint, also known as the box junction or the box junction joint, is one of the most common woodworking joints. Wood joinery of this type is used to create a longer board by joining two pieces of wood together. Dovetail joints have angled pins, while finger joints have square pins.

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What to look for when hiring a BIM company

BIM, which stands for Building Information Modeling, is a program or tool that models all aspects of a building, including its elements, materials, and components. 3D CAD environments use this model to create structural designs, architectural plans, and engineering drawings.

It has been almost two decades since Building Information Modeling was introduced to the AEC industry. However, due to a number of factors, including its cost, awareness, and lack of knowledge, this innovative technology for building planning, construction, and management is still not widely used in some areas.

Importance of Hiring a BIM Company

BIM services are important and can be handled with the help of a team. According to your project needs and budget, you should either hire in-house or outsource. Your decision regarding how much to spend on BIM services is not just about how much it will cost, but also about how it will impact your business processes.

Design and construction projects can be more efficient and informed if you choose the right BIM services provider.

The hiring process may seem straightforward at first; you put down your deposit, and they do the rest. However, some factors need to be considered before making your decision. It is also essential for business owners and architects or designers to analyze the different factors that influence their decision when choosing a BIM outsourcing partner.

In some parts of the world, BIM has not yet become popular, which is confusing people in the AEC industry.

Important Aspect to Follow for BIM Company Hiring

Communication

The importance of communication in any project cannot be overstated. The key to any project is effective communication, which promotes transparency among stakeholders. Clear communication throughout the project is required to avoid mistakes and eliminate miscommunications that result in inferior quality results.

Project Cost & Time

One of the most important factors to consider when hiring a BIM company is the cost and time involved. There is a difference between a company that is good and a company that is terrible. Others will charge more than you expect but deliver better service, while some will offer a low price but fail to deliver what they promise.

Experience

Outsourcing your BIM work to a BIM company begins with determining the company’s experience. There are several types of design build projects that a well established BIM company has hands on experience with, including residential, commercial, hospitals, hotels, & industrial etc. An experienced company can deliver quality assured deliverables for the project.

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An Inspection Permit for the Building Checklist in support of BIM

Building designs are made without permitting difficulties with the assistance of permit expeditors in construction. As a result, you won’t have to worry about building permit approvals anymore. Managing permit projects requires the hiring of a permit consultant in construction. Building permits are expedited for residential, commercial, hotel, and federal projects, including new construction, remodeling, renovation, and other projects.

Inspecting a piece of equipment is ensured by an inspection checklist. Inspecting the equipment involves ensuring that every component is working properly. Different types of permits, including commercial permits, residential permits, and other approval criteria, are managed by qualified permit expediters.

Importance of Building Checklist

Any residential building that is being constructed or remodeled usually undergoes regular inspections. It is necessary to perform a final inspection to verify the construction works were completed according to requirements, the building permit, and the design approval.

1. Regulations and standards should be followed in all aspects of construction.
2. You can follow the specifications for all materials and construction procedures.
3. You review all documentation, including construction logs, inspection reports, and liability reports.
4. Verify that every installation meets government guidelines.
5. Ensure that the drawings are in compliance with the requirements and that there are no deviations from the plan.
6. Make sure that all paint finishes and coatings are appropriate.
7. Make sure soil, asphalt, and concrete samples have been analyzed.
8. All corrections and fixes have been made to the punch list.
9. During the final building inspection checklist, we ensure that any issues, code violations, or unsafe features that slipped past us are discovered and corrected.

Construction Permit Inspection for Swimming Pool

Design measures restrict access to swimming pools, spas, and hot tubs to prevent drowning and near drowning.

A building permit inspection checklist governs the design of barriers for domestic swimming pools, spas, and hot tubs. Swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas that are surrounded by a barrier must be forty eight inches above the grade when measured on the side facing away from the pool.

Basic Environmental Assessment

It is necessary to conduct an Initial Environmental Inspection once the construction exit and silt barriers have been erected and any statutory water buffers have been installed.

Foundation Checking

Once the pool placement and excavation have been completed, a footing inspection will be conducted. Compliance with the site plan will be checked by the building inspector. All pathways and decks associated with the pool must meet setback regulations in the state.

Basket Inspection

Under the building permit number, a Basket Inspection is requested for the steel reinforcements on the pool, granite, and concrete. There is a difference between this examination and the inspection of the footings.

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Designing projects with BIM modeling services

Construction projects are not completed on time and within budget, which is the biggest problem facing the industry. Several factors contribute to time and cost overruns in construction. Unprofessional contractors’ site management and poor planning cause construction to be delayed, resulting in financial losses for the owners.

An effective BIM Modeling service would prevent the waste of time caused by inefficient scheduling and planning, lack of contractor experience, ineffective site management and supervision, incredible subcontractors, and delayed materials delivery, which are all factors that contribute to time loss.

Cost Estimation

The BIM cost estimating process can be made early with the use of this technology, which enables both quantitative and qualitative checks on a building’s design intent.

Productivity Enhancement

By implementing the BIM concept, both the delivery process and the facility can be made more efficient and productive. A design change request, team conflict, and rebuilding will be reduced as construction issues can be resolved at an earlier stage.

A BIM based model allows designers to consider the spatial experience when designing a space. There can be a significant impact on the construction cost as a result.

Digital Visualization

Owners and AEC professionals benefit from the use of BIM Modeling services by being able to visualize, design, simulate, and analyze the physical and functional features of a project before it is built. Then they will be able to see how the building will function before work begins. Construction changes are reduced, resulting in time and cost savings.

Design Change

If a construction site problem arises, BIM modeling services can be used to make quick changes in the design.

Automatic Data Updating

Using a BIM model, the components respond and interact with each other. When modeling a building with a BIM system, a room is much more than an abstract concept; it is a unique space with floors, walls, and ceilings.

BIM modeling services involve complex databases with geometric and non graphic data, and rooms are entities within the databases. As a result, BIM software automatically coordinates changes in all views if any model element is changed.

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How to Build Road Hump to Save Lives from Accidents

The purpose of a road hump is to physically reduce the speed of vehicles using the roadway. In addition to achieving a specific result on vehicle function, they have been designed to pose an overall safe risk without imposing a narrow or unsuitable risk on vehicles.

Almost all road designs can benefit from road humps, also known as speed humps. There are also several speed humps along the roads to control speeding before and after the humps.

Road Hump Features

A parabolic and vertical structure can construct the speed bumps for operating on low speed, low traffic roads. The ramp length is also maintained between 3 and 6 feet. Road humps typically measure three to four inches in height and twelve to fourteen feet in width. According to the target speed, these sizes are estimated.

Road bumps reduce the traffic volume by eighteen percent, almost resulting in a thirteen percent reduction in accidents. In cities and towns, speed humps are required on roads to restrict vehicle speeds to between 15 and 20 mph.

Road Hump Design

Low speed locations are selected for the placement of road humps. They are commonly used on residential roads, but not on major bus routes, emergency response routes, or significant roads. Bump arrangements are mostly made at the junctions of conjunctions. In addition to circular humps, parabolic or sinusoidal humps can also be designed.

Ideally, the slope should be at least 1:25. Gradients exceeding 1:10 are not recommended. Road hump vertical lips should be no higher than a quarter inch.

Tapers should not have more than a ratio of 1:6 slopes on their sides. Using caution signs to warn approaching drivers of road hump is essential to maintaining road humps.

It is common to paint the humps with pavement markings or highlighters in order to enhance visibility. Suitable drainage is provided by the tapered edges of the speed humps.

Importance of Road Hump

Speed bumps should not be kept on roads in non urban areas. You can keep them on slow speed roads in some urban locations if you need to.

There should be a minimum width of 3.7 meter for the hump. At the peak, it must be 1 decimeter high and have a parabolic shape. At 45 degree slopes, 200 millimeter wide black and white lines should be painted on the humps’ faces.

Road Hump Types

Short Hump

The short humps can be defined as those that can be straddled by all types of wheels of regular vehicles. The humps provide a sharp jolt when the vehicle breaks at high speeds. The vehicle body is pushed upwards as the axle travels over the hump at a slower speed.

The response of vehicles to short humps depends on the characteristics of their suspension. At higher speeds, short humps are not painful, but at lower speeds, they are boring. As a result of worries about damage to the vehicles, the rider proceeds at a slower speed.

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