Importance Of Tunnel Alignment In Tunnel Construction

Tunnel is an underground passage which is made artificially. Tunnels are constructed in roads for rail traffics, utilities, and pass fresh water. Ratio of length and width of the tunnel should be 2:1.

Economic of Tunnel based on

1. Nature of soil and rock
2. Requirements of fill
3. Depth of cut > 18 m – tunneling.

The position of the tunnel on the ground is called as tunnel alignment. Tunnel alignment can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal alignment runs along the center of the tunnel and vertical alignment is used to define the changes in elevation of the tunnel. Before undertaking the tunnel, construction engineer must perform the tunnel alignment.

Features

A.) For increasing the quality and stability of the tunnel.
B.) It is used to reduce the number of transit trips.
C.) For reducing the impact of surface transit operations in different places.

Tunnel Alignment Depend on

1. Topography of particular area.
2. Various kind of environmental situation.
3. Entrance and exit point of specific area.
4. Alignment restraints.

Tunnel Alignment and Gradient

Tunnel alignment is very important step in tunnel making. If the calculation of tunnel alignment goes wrong then the tunnel would not meet at the end. While starting the work, the centerline is marked on the ground for giving the accurate length to the tunnel. After completed this process a survey is happened to ensure that the horizontal tunnel alignment and other levels are transferred to the underground position.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Design Of Reinforced Concrete

Many problems occur while working on design and analysis of reinforced concrete. There are approx. 3 ideas which help to solve many problems regarding the design of reinforced concrete.

1. For relating stresses to strains mechanics of materials have to allow the engineers.
2. Geometry of deformation of sections is consistent under the different types of loading.
3. The sections must be in equilibrium. Internal moment can resist the external moments. The sum of internal axial forces is equal to external axis load.

Engineers have to use the ideas to solve most of the analysis problems.

It is quite impossible to analyze concrete structure and design that structure. But now there is an option which will help to make design the reinforced concrete very simple. A huge problem is that a consist need for detailing each member throughout. Steel structure requires the detailed design of connections.

In the area of concrete structure users have to determinate the area of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement is required in every member and the way for arranging and connecting the reinforcement to ensure structural performances which is acceptable. By this way the method is way simpler than before.

Purpose of the article

1. To establish a good understanding of behavior of reinforced concrete structures.
2. To develop the method which is used and also get the familiarity with codes and different specifications governing practical design.

In this article readers will understand the basic work of concrete and steel as structural materials and the behavior of reinforced concrete members. If readers understand these then

A.) They will able to approach the design in a more appropriate way.
B.) They will also able to take the changes in code provisions better.
C.) Users are able to design that kind of reinforced concrete structures that are comparatively safe, affordable and efficient.

Reinforced concrete is used in structures because of low cost, formability, strength, weather and good resistance against fire.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Contrasting Speculation of Development Length and Lap Length

The main purpose of providing reinforcement bars is to transfer the load from member to member.it may be either to another reinforcement bar or to concrete. In Order to successfully transfer the load from one member to another, reinforcement bars need to be firmly tied at both ends so that it can’t be slipped away.

Description of two important terms used in reinforcement binding is prescribed below:

Development Length:

It is a length of Steel bar needed to be embedded into the column to establish the desired Bond strength between concrete and Steel. In simple language it is the length of Steel bar which holds to concrete members together. Concrete members like beams, columns, footings etc.

It is a grip between steel and concrete and makes a continuous structure. It is also known as anchorage length. It transfers stresses from steel bar to concrete and makes a continuous structure. It is provided as a bend. Such length is provided in a column footing joint, column beam joint and other critical joints. Reinforcement bars is bent because there is no space available at the end section.

Provision of appropriate development is an important aspect of safe construction practices, proper development length in reinforced bars shall be provided as per the steel grade considered in design.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Top 10 Engineering Colleges in India 2020

This June, the National Institutional Ranking Framework had released their rankings of the top engineering colleges of India. According to the rating list, which was 100 items long, here are the top 10 engineering colleges in India. This will surely help you decide your target.

HRD minister Ramesh Pokhriyal released the NIRF rankings of the top engineering colleges last June. And we are only telling you this today. The colleges in the list contained many prestigious institutions as well many new and unknown colleges. However, the top of the list was crammed with IIT’s.

List of Top 10 Engineering Institutions

1. IIT Madras
2. IIT Delhi
3. IIT Bombay
4. IIT Kanpur
5. IIT Kharagpur
6. IIT Roorkee
7. IIT Guwahati
8. IIT Hyderabad
9. NIT Tiruchirappalli
10. IIT Indore

Now let us look into each of these top engineering colleges in short detail.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

A) NIRF 2020 Rank: 89.93
B) Established in: 1959
C) Academic staff: 599
D) Students: 8922
I) Undergraduates: 3958
II) Postgraduates: 2493
III) Doctoral: 2471
E) Location: Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
F) Website: www.iitm.ac.in

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

A) NIRF 2020 Rank: 88.08
B) Established in: 1961
C) Academic staff: 654
D) Students: 8703
I) Undergraduates: 3793
II) Postgraduates: 2141
III) Doctoral: 2769
E) Location: Haz Khas, Delhi, India
F) Website: https://home.iitd.ac.in/

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Most Popular Companies For Civil Engineers

In developed countries and developing countries there are many opportunities for civil engineering job. After lockdown period due to COVID 19 pandemic many job opportunities open for the interested people.

In this article we will discuss about the top most popular job opportunities for civil engineering students.

Features of good civil engineering company

1. Readers first have to decide stemma of a specific company.
2. Good companies also provide good remuneration packages and benefits.
3. Some companies also offer extra holidays, free health insurance and pension schemes.
4. Work culture of smaller companies is more relaxed and flexible than the big companies. In small companies’ competition between the workers comparatively small.
5. Readers also have to pay attention to the staff satisfaction surveys if that are available.
6. Some companies have robust health and safety processes in work place, ethical trading standards and also low accident rate.

List of top 10 civil engineering companies

1. Arup
2. Atkins
3. Vinci
4. Mott McDonald
5. Stantec
6. Balfour Beatty
7. Bechtel
8. Skanska
9. Laing O’Rourke
10. Arcadis

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Top 10 Bridges of India – the Best Bridges in India

Bridges truly are the roads to success. These huge infrastructure items not only connect disconnected places, they also decongest the existing road network and shorten distances substantially. As India is diverse country, it is also varied in its infrastructure. Today, we will talk about the top 10 bridges in India.

Whenever a bridge is built in India, it brings more business in the area, eases travel across the zone, and gives the locals a lot of job opportunities. That is why each bridge in India is extremely important with both the local and state-wide business and society.

Some bridges in India are so popular that even movies were made on them (“Howrah Bridge”). So, today, we will see the brief details of the best ten bridges of India sorted by their length, increasing.

1. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Bridge

Assam, 9.15 km

Surpassing all bridges in India by far in length, the Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Bridge flies over Lohit River, a major tributary to the mighty Brahmaputra. This is a simple beam bridge and for that reason only it is capable of spanning such a long distance. It is also called the Dhola Sadiya Bridge, connecting the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

The bridge was designed with army movement in mind in response to Chinese incursions, and so, Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Bridge is quite capable of handling the momentum of main battle tanks rolling at full speed. There are 183 spans in this bridge, the longest of which is nearly 13 meters long. It took 14 years to build this long, long bridge.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Types of Cements Used in Construction

A cement is a material which set, harden the other materials for binding them together. Cement is very popular ingredient used in construction and the most consumed resource of the planet. There are two categories of cement. One is hydraulic and non-hydraulic cement.

Functions

a.) Cement is used in mortar to complete the plastering and masonry work.
b.) It is used to make joints of drains and pipes.

c.) It is used for water tightness of structure.
d.) It is used to make foundations, watertight floor, and footpaths.
e.) Cement is used in the manufacturing process of precast pipes, piles, and fencing posts.
f.) It is used to make bridges, culverts, dams and etc.

Types of Cement

1. OPC: OPC stands for Ordinary Portland cement. This cement contains silicates of alumina and calcium carbonate like chalk and marl. This type of cement is used in general construction and masonry works.

2. PPC: PPC stands for Portland Pozzolana Cement. This type of cement basically contains OPC clinker, Gypsum, Pozzolanic materials. This type of cement is used in hydraulic structure, marine structure, dam construction and construction near seashore. This cement is also used in prestressed and post tensioned concrete.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Top Biggest Construction Company In The Word

In United States of America there are many construction companies available in the market. Some are very small companies like 5 or 6 people work in there and some are very big companies like more than 1 lakh people work there. The biggest companies have become like this because of their hard work, excellent services and many more.

We will discuss about top 18 biggest construction companies in the world in this article. The companies are mentioned below.

Vinci

Vinci is one of the biggest construction company. It is situated in France. This company have a particular construction group like others. The company keeps the name “Vinci” to prove itself as a global force.

This company will work on renovations on Mandarin Oriental Hotel in London, the Femern Tunnel in Denmark and 43 projects in 19 countries. More than 185,000 people work in Vinci company. The revenue of this company was $44 billion USD last year.

Bechtel

Bechtel is the largest construction company in United State of America. This company also is the 8th largest privately-owned company in America for engineering, construction management project, and procurement.

Headquarter of this company is situated in San Francisco, California. More than 50,000 people work in this company and the last revenue of this company was $32.8 billion.

What they already did

1. Completed phase 1 of Dulles Metrorail project, the largest infrastructure project in USA.
2. Also worked in Africa and Europe.

China Communication Construction Company

This company is also known as CCCC. This company is situated in China. It is one of the biggest construction company in the world. This company has different auxiliary like John Holland Group in Australia. This company will work on Hong Kong Airport Platform. There are 100,000 people currently who working in this company. The annual revenue of this company is 54.4 billion.

Larsen and Toubro

This company is also known as L & T construction. Larsen and Toubro are the parent company of Larsen and Toubro construction. It is the biggest company in India as well as in the world.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Top 10 Longest Bridges in U.S.A.

A bridge is a special structure which is built to overcome physical obstacle like water, valley, and road. The purpose of the bridge is to make a passage over the obstacle. Here we will discuss about the top 10 longest bridges in U.S.A.

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

This bridge built in 1956. This bridge built over the lake named lake Pontchartrain. It is the longest bridge not only in U.S.A but also in the world according to Guinnes book of world record. This bridge is made of two parallel bridges with terminals I Metairie and Mandeville. Length of the bridge is 24 miles. This bridge situates in Louisiana. Cost of making this bridge is $46 at that time.

Manchac Swamp Bridge

This bridge is the longest toll-free bridge over water in U.S.A. The bridge is connected interstate 55 and U.S. route 51 over the Manchac swamp. This bridge is 23 mile long and situates in Louisiana in 1979. This bridge is made of concrete twin trestle structure and very expensive. The cost of the bridge is $7 million per mile. To ensure structural stability the piles of the bridge is driven 250 feet.

Atchafalaya Basin Bridge

This bridge constructed over Atchafalaya basin in Louisiana. It built in 1973. Length of the bridge is 18 miles. People call this bridge as Louisiana airborne memorial bridge. Making of the bridge was very tough because of its diversity of surrounding situation.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

12mm Plaster Work Checklist & Spreadsheet

Plastering is done on the walls to eliminate surface blemishes, keep up line level and arrangement. Notwithstanding that it additionally goes about as a defensive surface for outside walls. Cement plaster, Gypsum plaster and Lime plaster are the ordinarily utilized plastering materials for house developments.

Cement plaster is made by mixing cement and sand in the extents required. Cement plaster is applied to both inside and outside walls to give them a smooth surface. To show up at the amounts of Cement, Sand and Water required for plastering work, we have to comprehend on what boundaries these amounts depend.

• Volume of Plaster required: Volume of Plaster can be dictated by duplicating the zone of plastering to be done and thickness of plaster (12 mm for this situation)
• Mix Ratio of Plaster: Mix ratio mean the ratio of Volume of Cement to the Sand utilized in the mixture. Plaster of mix ratio 1:4 implies that it contains one piece of cement and 4 pieces of sand by volume. Since the measure of cement and sand changes with the adjustment in the mix ratio, it is one of the most significant factors in deciding the amounts.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co