Design of Reinforced Concrete T Beam

T beam bears the load of the whole structure of reinforced concrete. It is a T shaped cross section structure. The slab which is around the beam is called a flange.

Isolated Beams

In this kind of beam the flange is used to provide compression area the thickness of flange should be greater than 1/2bw, and width should be less than or equal to 4b_w.

Internal T Beams

1. Fourth the clear span length of the beam, L/4.
2. Width of web plus 16 times slab thickness, bw +16hf.
3. Center-to-center spacing of the beams.

L Shaped Beam

1. Effective flange width should be equal to or smaller than (bw+(Clear span/4))
2. Effective flange width should be equal to or smaller than (bw+(6hf)
3. Effective flange width should be equal to or smaller than (bw+half clear distance to the next clear web beam)

Design Process

T section beam calculates the dimensions of the beam and the reinforcement area. The size of the beam web affects the size of the rectangular beam.

1. Calculate applied moment (Mu) using beam span and imposed loads.
2. Determine Effective Flange Width (be)
3. Choose the web dimensions (bw) and (h) based on either negative bending requirements at the supports, or shear requirements.
4. Assume, a=hf , then calculate (As) using the following expression:
5. Check the assumed value of (a):
6. In Equation 2, plug the value of (be) found in Step 2.
7. If a< hf, design the beam as a rectangular section and follow the design procedure of the rectangular beam.
8. If a> hf, design the beam a T-section and go to Step 6.
9. Compute the reinforcement area required to balance the moment of the flange use Equation 3, and then flange moment employ Equation 4:
10. Calculate moment of the web:
11. Assume a rectangular stress block depth (such as a= 100 mm), then estimate the amount of reinforcement area (Asw) required to balance the web moment:

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Different Types Of Admixture for Concrete

Admixtures are mixed with the concrete for reducing water content, mitigating the setting property, making concrete light, and also modifying concrete properties. Admixtures are added right before or during the mixing of concrete. Excessive amount of water may cause extra bleeding and separation. That is why admixtures are added to the concrete to prevent all of this problem. Many types of admixtures provide the combination of plasticizer, superplasticizer and air entrainers.

Basically, there are two type of admixtures available. One is natural admixtures and another is chemical admixtures. Natural admixtures are rice husk, flour, egg mix, ghee and the chemical admixtures is GGBS, fly ash, pozzolana.

In previous time, natural admixtures were used widely but this was very expensive and not much modification was not possible in that time. On the other hand, usage of chemical admixture provides variety in the construction industry.

Types of Chemical Admixtures

1. Plasticizers
2. Superplasticizers
3. Accelerators
4. Retarders
5. Air entrainers

Plasticizers

This are used for improving the plasticity of fresh concrete to reduce water content. Workability and water cement ratio do not affect because of using plasticizer. There are few types of plasticizer available like calcium, sodium, ammonium, lignosulphonates, polyglycol esters. These are added 0.1% to 0.4% ratio.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Concrete Joints – What, Why and How

Often in the longer structures like bridges, you will see that there are thin gaps intentionally placed in the long structural members. These are called concrete joints, and they are very useful in preserving the concrete over long time. Today, we will take on the what, why and how’s of concrete joints.

Why are concrete joints needed?

Concrete has immense compressive strength, but not much tensile strength. Which is the primary reason we provide reinforcements inside concrete. However, some structural members, or some parts of them have to be made without reinforcement. What happens when these come under unexpected tensile stress?

One of the reasons of unexpected tensile strength is that concrete undergoes shrinkage over time. This creates tensile stress inside the member automatically which is hard to foresee. Now, if the tensile force being generated over time is gradually rises above the member’s tensile strength, then it will, eventually, crack the concrete. Which, as you can expect, may have disastrous effects.

This is exactly why concrete joints are needed. Joints are provided in concrete in order to prohibit, or, at least minimize the possibility of cracks appearing automatically due to shrinkage from time or temperature changes.

One can say, joints in concrete are pre-planned cracks. They are created at portions where there the concrete is expected to undergo tension most, regulating the tensile forces there and pre-empting the formation of cracks.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Detailed information about Camber in Road

Camber is found on the highways. The slope from diagonal direction is called camber. Cambers mainly drain out the rain water from the road surface. Camber provides the road surface by draining out the rainwater out of the road. It is also called a cross slope of the road.

The rate of camber is normally indicated by 1 : n ( 1 in n ) (1 vertical to n horizontal) or in proportions as n % (for instance, 1 in 50 or 2 %). The design values of camber is mainly based on pavement’s type and the amount of rainfall in the area.

Cambers are very useful to eliminate the surface water. But these are not recommended for wearing down the surface. Cambers of slope 2 to 3% are arranged.

Types of Camber

Composite Camber

Composite camber is a combination of partly parabola and partly straight line which have different slopes. The central part of the road is made of parabolic and it is provided with straight slopes near the edges. By increasing the contact area of the wheel camber helps to decrease the intensity of pressure.

Sloped or Straight Camber

This type of camber is made by meeting two straight surfaces in the crown. Crown is the central point in the surface of the road. The shape of the edges make difficulties for the traffic. That is why it is not used frequently.

Two Straight Line Cambers

This type of camber is made of straight lines steeper near the edges. This type of camber is best for Indian roads.

Barrel Camber

This type of camber consists of a continuous curve. The curve is either parabolic or elliptical. This type of camber is mainly used for those roads where fast moving vehicles pass frequently.

Purpose of Camber

1. It is used to prevent the surface water from subgrade soil through the pavement.
2. It is used to prevent the water to the bituminous pavement layers.
3. It is used for removing the rainwater from the pavement surface very quickly and allows the pavement for getting dry after the rain.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Materials Quantity Estimation by Center Line Method

Quantity estimation is the process of finding out how many materials you need to build a structure, and how much will it cost you. Estimating the quantity of materials about a building project gives you a precise idea about how expensive the project is going to be and how much time will it take, which in turn lets you know if the project is feasible or not. Today, we will talk about the center line method of material quantity estimation.

The center line method is quite popular with small-scale builders because it is easy, quick and quite accurate. The only downside to this method is that it is only applicable for load-bearing buildings (where there are no columns or similar structural members). Hence it is mostly applied to only load-bearing walls, or partially in case of rooms with no columns.

Using this method and some formula, you can quickly find out the number of bricks and the amount of mortar and plaster required for the applicable room.

Mechanisms of the center line method

The center line method of materials quantity estimation is one of the simplest of them available, and so it is very popular as well. If there are columns or other similar structures in the room, then this method cannot be used, but otherwise it’s a very good quantity estimation method.

The centerline method works on the principle that given all walls (long or short sides) have the same cross section and the same type of footing, the total volume of the wall will be the total length of the center line of all the walls in the room, multiplied by the cross section of the wall (height and breadth).

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

10 Types of Columns Depending on Shape

Arguably, the most important part of any modern architecture are the columns, because they bear all the load of the superstructure. Columns can be of many types, but we prefer to categorize them depending upon their physical shape. So, today we will talk about the 10 types of columns depending on shape.

We can classify columns based on the following characteristics:

• Physical shape
• Reinforcement type
• Loading type
• Slenderness ratio

But in this article, we will only discuss the types of columns depending on shape.

Depending upon physical shape – the shape you see them in, or the shape they are cast in – columns can be of nine main types. These are the following:

1. Rectangular columns
2. Square columns
3. Circular columns
4. L-Type columns
5. T-Type columns
6. V-type columns
7. Y-type columns
8. Y-type columns with arch
9. Hexagonal columns
10. Arched columns

Now, let us go and learn about each type of column based on shape in brief.

Rectangular Columns

The most common type of column found nowadays, these are the simplest to cast and fit in the most scenarios. Where the shape of a room is rectangular, it is a safe bet that you’ll find at least a rectangular column in there.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Most Popular Civil Engineering Companies In Australia

Civil engineers have to do the design and maintain the large scale structure like buildings, bridges, public stadiums, roads and highways. Due to this pandemic many companies can not hire any new applicants. However companies will be ready to hire talented engineers to pursue different projects when the pandemic calms down.

There are many civil engineering companies available in Australia. Best civil engineering companies are mentioned below.

ADCO Construction Company: This company is the oldest and most popular construction company in Australia. Now this company has now over 500 employees and this company already completed 3,500 projects. This company has achieved number one position in top 100 private companies.

The success of the company mainly depends upon the long distance relationship with the clients. Civil engineering students can apply to various posts from site manager to project manager.

BGC: This company was founded in 1960 and soon it expanded in various areas of construction industry like residential construction, civil construction contracting, property management. Over 2,000 people have already joined this company across western Australia.

Interested candidates can apply directly to the official page of this company. One can also choose to specialise like commercial construction, construction material, transport and many more.

Fulton Hogan: This company founded in 1933. Jules Fulton and Bob Hogan decided to start their own business. Over 7,800 people work in this company. Public and employees are partial owners of this company. This company already completed four concrete transportation projects and laboratory business.

This company has various staff jobs and employees would find many challenges. Civil engineering students can take advantage of graduate leadership programs and also choose to specialise in many areas like infrastructure services, finance, construction and utilities.

SMEC: SMEC and Surbana Jurong Group created a partnership company Named SMEC. 14,000 people work in this company. This company has worked in the construction industry for over 40 years. The first project of this company was the iconic snowy mountains hydroelectric scheme. This is the largest project in Australia.

After that in 2016 SMEC merged with Singaporean consulting company. Interested candidates can apply for the job to the official website of the company. The benefits of working in this company as a employee are flexible working arrangements, special career development planning, parental leave, and also corporate health plans.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

Classification of Concrete Vibrators for Construction Requirement

For proper compaction of concrete, vibrators play a pivotal role. When the concrete is ready to use, it contains innumerable air bubbles which can deteriorate the concrete structure. The next step is to use concrete vibrators as it eradicates the air bubbles.

During this process one should also keep in mind that over vibration should normally be avoided during the compaction of concrete. If the concrete mix is designed with low workability, over vibration simply consumes extra power of the vibration, resulting in the wastage of energy.

There are different types of concrete vibrators that work on diversified manners. It can be electric or air driven. The vibrators and their functionalities are specified below:

Formwork vibration

A formwork vibrator works with precast concrete. Formwork vibrators are affixed on the outside of concrete formwork, depending on the thickness of the concrete. Formwork vibrators can also be named as shuttering vibrators.As the vibrators are clamped externally on formwork, the inside concrete mass has a direct effect on it.The compaction time or vibrating time in the formwork vibrator is 1mins to 2mins.The formwork vibrator can vibrate at a speed of 9000 cycles per min.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

How To Splice Column Reinforcement As Per Indian Standard

In lap length or overlapping length two bars of a column are spliced for maintaining the continuity of the bars throughout the column. The overlapping process of two reinforcement bars is called lap splicing. This process provides the secure transfer of loads from one member to another.

The maximum length of reinforcement bars is 12 m. when reinforcement for a structure is greater than 12 m, more than two reinforcement bars are joined for achieving the required length. Lapping or splicing process is used while the connection is performed.

Lapping zone of columns as per indian standard

As per Indian standard the columns are separated into three parts. The parts are created by considering the moment diagram of the column under lateral load. The column is designed to a maximum moment at the ends and zero moment at the center. The top and bottom portion of the column is designed to maximum moment and is categorized as Zone-A. the portion where the moment reduces to zero is named as Zone-B. Then the less critical section of the column, Zone-B, creates the lapping zone of the column.

If the clear distance of the column is hc, then Zone-A has a length of hc/4. Then the height of Zone-B is given by (hc– (h/4 + hc/4)) = hc/2.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co

UAE Construction Companies Top 10 List

The UAE, or United Arab Emirates, has been developing in the infrastructure and homebuilding sectors, and so it is full of construction companies as well. If you’re interested in the civil or infrastructure business in the UAE, you will surely need this UAE construction companies top 10 list. We have compiled this list of top 10 UAE construction companies after much consideration, ranking them in the basis of influence and rating.

UAE has become among the stars of the construction industry recently, with the creation of Dubai. Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the most populated with many, many architectural wonders, built by various construction companies global or local. We have to mention the Burj Khalifa here, arguably the most famous modern civic construction in the world.

1. Al Futtaim

The cherry on top of our UAE construction companies list is Al Futtaim, they are a giant group with 200+ companies. They employ over 42,000 people from all around the world – Al Futtaim is known for its outsourcing efforts – and they are active mostly in automotive, retail, real estate, and financial services. Starting small in 1930, they have grown into an impressive conglomerate with branches in every major continent.

2. Al Habtoor Group

Started back in the seventies as a small engineering firm, the Al Habtoor Group is now among the most respected conglomerates in UAE. The group has interests and assets in every sector like hospitality, automotive, real estate, education, and publishing. Not only in UAE, but the group constructs large landmark projects in London, Vienna, Budapest, Beirut and Illinois.

Published By
Arka Roy
www.constructioncost.co